第295章(2 / 2)

而许劭为曹操作了一个人们熟知的评语,即“清平之奸贼,乱世之英雄”。正是这些社会名士的评价和热捧,使曹操引起了当时士大夫集团的普遍注意,这给曹操带来了政治上的一些利益,使众多社会贤达投奔曹操,壮大了曹操的势力及社会影响。

袁绍及曹操在家中是压抑的,家庭环境带来的自卑感,使他们只能把矛头转向外界发泄情绪,他们希望在外界有所作为来赢得社会地位,赢得尊重和重视。尽管如此,袁绍和曹操还是有区别的,虽然说袁绍为庶出,但相对于曹操其家世具有一定的优越感,由此使他对外界的变化缺乏敏锐感。在袁绍对待曹操的态度上,我们可以分析,在袁绍眼中,与宦官出身的曹操相比,他认定自己是高高在上的,曹操根本不是自己的对手,宦官出身的曹操不会有很大作为,所以他根本不会认真的对待曹操。

而曹操却利用袁绍的这种心理、借助袁绍力量在袁绍身边不断成长壮大,但并未引起袁绍重视,这可以理解为袁绍过分强调家世,而不能对战争形势作出正确分析的原因。在官渡之战的备战阶段,袁绍的谋士便为其提供了良策,但袁绍未听取,不仅如此,在整个官渡之战过程中袁绍也有数次机会挽回战局,如果袁绍能够慎重考虑或是在战术上及用人上稍有变通,就不会让曹操胜利或是让曹操这么简单的胜出。

袁绍之所以可以如此轻视曹操,也是有其政治凭借的,在董卓进京后,袁绍代表世家大族势力首先与董卓决裂,董卓怒斥“竖子!天下事岂不决我?”,面对董卓咄咄逼人的气势,袁绍却强硬反驳:“天下健者,岂唯董公?”并引佩刀横揖而出,如果是别人恐怕早已遭不测,但袁绍的结果却是不仅没有被杀,反而被任为渤海太守,封邝乡侯。相比而言,曹操在背离董卓后,其景象却是非常狼狈的

“变易姓名,间行东归,出关,过中牟,为亭长所疑,执诣县,邑中或窃识之,为请得解”。

与袁绍的一路受到庇护相比,我们可以看出曹操逃跑时的狼狈相。在逃离后,二人的境遇也大不相同,袁绍很快成为关东军的“盟主”,并不费一兵一卒而取得冀州,而曹操逃至陈留后“散家财,合义兵,将以诛卓”,在起兵讨卓时因为兵少,“乃与夏侯惇等诣扬州募兵,刺史陈温、丹杨太守周昕与兵四千余人。还到龙亢,士卒多叛”。从二人的际遇可以看出袁绍的仕途之平坦,而曹操人生之坎坷,曹操在战争初期根本不能成为袁绍的对抗势力。

袁绍和曹操都曾是游侠,游侠始终与政治有着不解之缘,袁绍与曹操相比,曹操在机智性及权术上要比袁绍高出一筹,史料有记载曹操小时一个小故事:

“太祖少好飞鹰走狗,游荡无度,其叔父数言之于嵩。太祖患之,后逢叔父于路,乃阳败面口:叔父怪而问其故,太祖曰:卒中恶风。叔父以告嵩。嵩惊愕,呼太祖,太祖口貌如故。嵩问曰:叔父言汝中风,已差乎?太祖曰:初不中风,但失爱于叔父,故见罔耳。嵩乃疑焉。自后叔父有所告,嵩终不复信,太祖于是益得肆意矣”。

从这个小故事我们可以看到一个既机智又有胆量的少年,而曹操从小善用计谋的性格也正符合许劭对他的评价——“治世之能臣,乱世之奸雄”。不仅如此,曹操在年轻时的政治管理才能也很突出:

“太祖初入尉廨,缮治四门。造五色棒,县(悬)门左右各十余枚,有犯禁者,,避豪强,皆棒杀之。后数月,灵帝爱幸小黄门蹇硕叔父夜行,即杀之。京师敛迹,莫敢犯者”。

可见曹操赢得社会尊重依靠的不仅仅是标新立异的风格,更有他杰出的政治治理能力,相比而言,袁绍则显得很平凡且注重虚美,为了给自己增加社会荣誉,他标新立异“不妄通宾客,非海内知名,不得相见”,以及与众党人结成奔走之友等方式,不遗余力的为自己养名。也正是这样秉性使我们更能理解二人在后来的政治生涯的不同。

曹操成年后曾自叹:“既无三徙教,不闻过庭训。”曹操作为宦官之后,要想在这样的社会选拔体系中出人头地,自会有更大的困难,更何况他“任侠放荡,不治行业。好飞鹰走狗,游荡无度”。这样的性格如果不经过后期的锻炼,其很难成为一名成熟的军事统领。

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