第969章 逐渐荒废的九边(1 / 2)

不负大明不负卿 十光 1159 字 2022-04-21

哱拜死亡的消息迅速传到宁夏。

宁夏卫瞬间沸腾。

哱拜节制的宁夏乃九边重镇之一。驻宁夏卫(今宁夏银川)。

宁夏管辖长城东起花马池,西至宁夏中卫喜鹊沟黄河北岸(今宁夏中卫市西南),全长约1000公里。

宁夏是九边重镇管辖东西距离最长的重镇,其他八镇辽东镇、蓟州镇、宣府镇、大同镇、山西镇、延绥镇(榆林镇)、固原镇(陕西镇)、甘肃镇,管辖东西距离长度都不到1000 公里。

九边重镇是明朝独有的称呼。

这还得从明太祖朱元璋说起。

朱元璋北伐将元军赶出了长城以北地区。元朝的残存势力虽然经常互相残杀,有时强盛有时衰弱,但一直侵扰明朝的边境,企图卷土重来。

故而,自明朝建国起,国防就一直以北方边镇最为重要。而有明一代,北方的边患也从未停止过。

朱元璋肯定意识到了这个问题,所以建国后,设立十三大塞王,统辖漠南诸卫所,以山河固险。

对此,明人颇为自诩,还宣称:“我国驱逐胡元,混一寰宇,东至辽海,西至酒泉,延袤万里。中间渔阳、上谷、云中、朔、代,以至上郡、北地、灵武、皋兰、河西,山川联络,列镇屯兵,带甲四十万,据大险以制诸夷,全盛极矣。”

这段话中虽然全用秦汉旧名,但可以看出来,洪武朝卫所的全貌勾画得还是比较清楚。

且看他们又如何描述新的卫所:“于是设东胜城于三降城之东,与三降城并。东联开平、独石、大宁、开元(安东卫);西联贺兰山(宁夏卫)、甘肃北山(威虏卫、白城子守御千户所、威远守御千户所),通为一边。地势直,近而易守……自东胜以西至宁夏、河西、察罕脑儿,东胜以东至大同、宣府、开平,又东南至大宁,又东至辽东,至鸭绿,北去不拘几千里……”

北方设立的十三大塞王用朱元璋的话说是:“皆塞王也,莫不敷险隘,控要塞,佐以元戎宿将,权崇制命,势匹抚军,肃清沙漠,垒帐相望。”

朱元璋在长城以北所建立的许多卫所,像安东卫、大宁卫(今赤峰)、开平卫(今内蒙古多伦)、东胜卫(今内蒙古呼和浩特)等军事重镇,都是作为十三塞王的外围据点。

并于要害之地,诸如紫荆关、芦花领、古北口、居庸关、喜峰口、松亭关等处,也都置兵戍守。

于是乎,东起辽阳,西经大宁、开平、兴和、独石、东胜,抵大同,数千里间,各边镇卫所都驻有军队,声势相连,形成了一条牢固的防线。

这就是明人当时颇为自诩的,即所谓的“北去不拘几千里”。

但正因为所辖区域过于辽阔,加上蒙古残余势力的骚扰,控制很费劲。

后来明成祖朱棣当政,尽管他对边防也相当重视,自宣府以西直至山西边缘,皆峻垣深壕烽堠相接,凡通车马的隘口设百户防守,只有樵夫牧民的隘口也安置边兵戍守。

但不得不承认的一个事实,边防的逐渐废弛从朱棣时期就开始了。

因为难以控制,朱棣自动放弃大宁卫,把大宁所辖边地赏给兀良哈,从此北边失一重镇,辽东与宣府、大同的联络也因此阻绝。

接着又徙东胜左卫于永平,右卫于遵化。宣宗更是因开平卫孤远难守,徙于独石,这样三卫尽失,边防的形势大为削弱。

以前是边防第二线的宣府、大同逐渐变为最前线的要塞了,北方的国防线因此步步南移。

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